Wednesday, November 27, 2019
Free Essays on The Sistine Chapel Ceiling
The Sistine Chapel By Michelangelo Buonarroti In Michelangelo’s painting on the Sistine Chapel contains a strong presence of God. The ideas and stories of the Bible lay at the surface of the entire ceiling. All these stories are taken from the book of Genesis which would not be possible without God. The scenes are placed in a time frame of an earlier world. The scenes can be analyzed in numerous ways that depend on the analyzers faith and interpretations of the beginning of time. In the next few paragraphs I’ll explain you how the Sistine Chapel ceiling was started, finished, and the Last Judgment. The chapel contains nine stories divided into three trilogies: The creations of the world, the creation of man, and the story of Noah. All of these stories have a strong Godly presence as the viewer sees the creation, progression, and eventually the fall of man. The idea of God evolves from panel to panel by allowing the onlooker to consider God in three different situations forcing his role throughout each one. The establishment of the vision of diverse, yet related symbols of biblical foundations presents a sense of the supernatural divine world. The stories embody separate motifs, but the piece is expressed as a unified whole with God the only consistent presence in whether idea or visual portrayal. The order of the ceiling, according to the book of Genesis, should be read from the Separation of Light from Darkness to the Drunkenness of Noah, if the viewer reads in chronological order. The Sistine Chapel ceiling is perhaps the most amazing painting ever created by man. It was finished by Michelangelo Buonarroti in 1512. He started the project in 1508 and worked on the painting everyday in the four year period. It was brutal work that had to be done and he was not going stop until he was completed with the project. He had scalfilting system with ropes attached to the ceiling and a wooden board to support the wait of h... Free Essays on The Sistine Chapel Ceiling Free Essays on The Sistine Chapel Ceiling The Sistine Chapel By Michelangelo Buonarroti In Michelangelo’s painting on the Sistine Chapel contains a strong presence of God. The ideas and stories of the Bible lay at the surface of the entire ceiling. All these stories are taken from the book of Genesis which would not be possible without God. The scenes are placed in a time frame of an earlier world. The scenes can be analyzed in numerous ways that depend on the analyzers faith and interpretations of the beginning of time. In the next few paragraphs I’ll explain you how the Sistine Chapel ceiling was started, finished, and the Last Judgment. The chapel contains nine stories divided into three trilogies: The creations of the world, the creation of man, and the story of Noah. All of these stories have a strong Godly presence as the viewer sees the creation, progression, and eventually the fall of man. The idea of God evolves from panel to panel by allowing the onlooker to consider God in three different situations forcing his role throughout each one. The establishment of the vision of diverse, yet related symbols of biblical foundations presents a sense of the supernatural divine world. The stories embody separate motifs, but the piece is expressed as a unified whole with God the only consistent presence in whether idea or visual portrayal. The order of the ceiling, according to the book of Genesis, should be read from the Separation of Light from Darkness to the Drunkenness of Noah, if the viewer reads in chronological order. The Sistine Chapel ceiling is perhaps the most amazing painting ever created by man. It was finished by Michelangelo Buonarroti in 1512. He started the project in 1508 and worked on the painting everyday in the four year period. It was brutal work that had to be done and he was not going stop until he was completed with the project. He had scalfilting system with ropes attached to the ceiling and a wooden board to support the wait of h...
Saturday, November 23, 2019
Capitalizing Titles of People and Groups
Capitalizing Titles of People and Groups Capitalizing Titles of People and Groups Capitalizing Titles of People and Groups By Maeve Maddox Katie Williams writes: I would like to  see a post about capitalization, such as when is it proper to capitalize peoples titles, and when would you capitalize the name of a group (i.e. Board of Directors)  is Board always capitalized when you are referring to the group? A persons title is capitalized when it precedes the name and is therefore seen as part of the name: President Lincoln Bishop Sheen Once the title occurs, further references to the person holding the title appear in lowercase: the president the bishop The name of a group is capitalized when it is the full name: the Department of Comparative Literature the Board of Directors of Acme Industries Further references will be written in lowercase: the department the board Promotional materials frequently capitalize words like University and Board every time they occur. Generally speaking, the use of capitals should be minimized as much as possible. In the absence of a company style guide, the best practice is to choose a style guide for yourself. I refer to several, including the AP Stylebook and the Chicago Manual of Style. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?50 Synonyms for "Assistant"9 Forms of the Past Tense
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Discuss the importance and role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Essay - 1
Discuss the importance and role of Corporate Social Responsibility in event management in the 21st Century - Essay Example The complexity of cooperate social responsibility has attracted many scholars from all fields in an attempt to describe its many aspects. This essay will discuss some of the impact that cooperate social responsibility has effected in the economic and management strategies. It will also check on the various roles and importance in event management. It creates awareness on the various models of responding to various problems (Hopkins, 2006: 10). Different institutions have used this strategy with the emergence of globalization, which has raised the needs of the business to diversify with the diverse cultures, and the geographical settings that it serves (Horrigan, 2010: 352). Application of the strategy has helped create competition among event planning institutions serving the customer’s needs effectively and enhancing the sustainability of the enterprise (Jones, 2010:25). Institutions that apply this strategy have been able to diversify their services. This depends on differen t factors like the geographical settings hence increasing the country’s demand to serve the emerging social demands. ... The morals, standards, and monitoring the general plans of the people to ensure no tragic flaws experienced as after effects (Mullerat, 2010: 144). The society recognizes the enterprises need for to maximize on their profits, but still on the same, it demands the enterprise to intervene on other matters that affect the society. This helps enhance the impression of the society to increase their abilities of gaining profits from the public and globalizing their event organizing activities (Hopkins, 2006: 15). In addition, by interacting with the various societies the enterprise gets to interact with different cultures, which enhance its ability to satisfy the diversifying demands in the international market. With globalization, no enterprise should for-go cooperate social responsibility with the aim of addressing the urgent issues in the international market. Event managers need creativity and new strategies that are attractive to consumers. By applying the cooperate control strategy w hich has tremendously improved in the 21st century to satisfying the demands of their consumers. The extended environmental boundaries to serve and the diversified social cultures to interact with have raised the need for creativity on any organization in branding its products. Social responsibility may involve getting ideas from the public, or financing and supporting other creative enterprises and giving them rewards or collaborating with them (Zu, 2009:115). This may help bring about a change of ideas and do away with some of issues such as outdated products, which would have been modified to suit the revolutionized times and create impact on the environment and
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Develop the skills of sustainability in the design of buildings in Essay
Develop the skills of sustainability in the design of buildings in Saudi Arabia - Essay Example his paper reveals the great benefits and the actual need for this type of construction to maintain the natural resources and to make our future cities friendly to the environment. Furthermore, this paper seeks to review the regulations of sustainability and design of green buildings in more than one country and organizations involved. Also under review are the plans that have been successful for the transition to sustainable construction, and the solutions that have been used for the development of sustainability in the cities both scientifically and practically. In 2012, at the third session of the Forum of Green Buildings, which was held in the city of Riyadh, capital of Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah, King of the country adopted an initiative for green buildings and he set many recommendations to facilitate the business for those interested in this type of project which is friendly to both the humans and the environment as a whole. Also, he recommended for shifts to the practices and foundations of professional cognitive, and highlighted the business and investment opportunities in engineering creativity and innovation fields within the Kingdom. After this initiative, action plans have been processed by the Green Buildings Chapter of Saudi Council of Engineers, where the Green Buildings Chapter has got financial support to achieve the recommendations in regards to the Kings initiative. In this literature paper, there is an attempt to develop the sustainability skills in the design of the buildings by Architects and Engineers who work in Saudi Arabia. According to the Secretary-General of the King Abdullah’s Initiative for green buildings, Faisal A., (Alarabiya.net.2013) the total investments in sustainable buildings (green building) in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia which amounts to 100 billion riyals, was pumped in 76 projects. Out of the 76, 43 were in the city of Riyadh, which won the lions share, most notably due to the SABIC mining project. Also, he pointed
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Sustainable energy storage and distribution Essay Example for Free
Sustainable energy storage and distribution Essay Sustainable energy storage and distribution Introduction            Sustainable energy refers to the provision of viable energy development which responds to the present energy demands without compromising the possibility of future generations to meet their energy demands (Robinson Schut, 2014). Some of the technologies which support sustainable energy comprise of the renewable sources of energy like solar energy, hydroelectricity, wind energy, geothermal energy, wave energy, tidal power, bioenergy and various technologies planned to improve the energy efficiency. In the current world, the cost of energy has decreased drastically and continues to decrease due to the continuous use of renewable energy. Most of the modern technologies utilized for sustainable energy are economically competitive (Moseley Garche, 2014). Notably, effective government policies promote the confidence of the investors in sustainable energy while expanding this market. A considerable progress has been made and continues to be pursued in the transition of energy from different fossil fuels into sustainable ecological systems up to a point where different researches support renewable energy. Solutions            As revealed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), hydrogen generated through electrolysis offers the solution to fluctuating renewable energy sources. The hydrogen generated through renewable electrolysis provides the promising solutions in transportation sectors and electric power (Moseley Garche, 2014). As depicted through the study by NREL, renewable electrolysis utilizes electricity generated from renewables to separate water into oxygen and hydrogen. From this process, the hydrogen produced can be used as a medium of energy storage which can store renewable energy until an engine or full cell transforms it to electricity (Robinson Schut, 2014). Additionally, this hydrogen can be combined again with CO2 to generate synthetic gas used in transportation applications and power plants. Moreover, this hydrogen can be generated within the off-peak seasons or during the periods when there is extra renewable energy. Since the h ydrogen is convertible back to electricity at times when there is insufficient renewable power, this assists in the stabilization in utility grid. The excess hydrogen may be used as fuel to run vehicles and other purposes.            Secondly, different nations have embraced various ways of storing energy for future use since the traditional way of using batteries seem to be expensive and not sustainable. Many nations are now using the current energy technology to store energy from renewable resources instead of batteries which can be used for future use. Some of these technologies include pumped hydro storage and flywheels (Moseley Garche, 2014). Flywheels are suitable for low and high power applications since they store energy in motion form through a rotating mass which demand frequent cycling.            In addition, pumped hydro storage of renewable energy is capable for storing energy in water form elevated at a high position. This is achieved through pumping water when the supply of electricity is high and utilizing gravity in the transportation of water down when there is high demand for electricity with low supply. Pumped-storage facilities are very economical because of the differentials in off-peak prices since it offers important services in ancillary grid. The projects initiated using this type of technology has offered energy storage capability and the transmission ancillary grid advantages in Europe and US. Currently, more than 40 projects in pumped-storage are operating in USA providing more than 20GW in the national grid systems (Robinson Schut, 2014). This pumped-storage hydropower provides the solutions in energy balancing, storage capacity, ancillary grid, and stability like the network frequency reserves and control. This is because the plants used in pumped storage can respond to potential changes in electrical load within a few seconds.            Another storage medium which provides the solution to alternating renewable energy sources is the use of compressed air energy storage (CAES). This is similar to the pumped hydro storage through output, storage capacity and application although it utilizes the ambient air instead of water. The use of CAES technology has gained popularity more than pumped hydro because it provides storage in large scale without any geographic restrictions. In the CAES technology, the compressed ambient air is driven into underground caverns or storage tanks. When the need for electricity arises, the air compressed and stored in tanks is expanded to drive motors which eventually generate power (Moseley Garche, 2014). The current advancement in CAES technology has improved its efficiency, the fuel used and storage methods. In addition, CAES possess many advantages compared to other different types of energy storage since the ambient air utilized is free and the technologies and material utilized are abundant and well understood.            Moreover, batteries have been used for long to store energy from many renewable sources. People using the solar energy can use the lead-acid batteries to store energy for future use. Despite the fact that some of these batteries are not durable, the use of rechargeable batteries offers the solutions for power storage in rural areas (Robinson Schut, 2014). The use of lithium-ion batteries have created a recent attention in renewable energy storage since they take longer before recharging and their weight is much less compared to the traditional lead-acid batteries.            Some of the current proposed solutions in the storage of energy include the proposed potential gravity power storage which involves the storage of energy without losses (Moseley Garche, 2014). This project has been in progress since 2013 and experts reveal that if finalized, it will respond to the current problems encountered in sustainable energy solutions. Current policies            The current renewable policies supported by the US government include the Production Tax Credit (PTC) and the Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS). These two policies were primarily enacted by the US federal government to reduce the demand of the power from fossil fuels like petroleum and coal while decreasing the related carbon emissions. Through these policies, the American nation has reduced the carbon emissions significantly since 2007 up to date. The PTC is an incentive offered by the federal government to offer financial support in the development of renewable energy in America (Robinson Schut, 2014). The companies which produce electricity from geothermal, wind and bioenergy qualify for the federal PTC. These companies are eligible for incentive in the production of renewable energy for ten years since the beginning of their operations.            Together with the state standards in renewable resources, PTC has supported many development projects in wind power. As disclosed by the Department of Energy in USA, these development supported by PTC has resulted in many economic benefits in the production and distribution of electricity. Between 2007 and 2010, the production of wind power in America tripled with an approximate 550 manufacturing companies distributed in 44 states (Robinson Schut, 2014). Consequently, the cost of producing electricity from renewable sources like wind in US has reduced considerably over the last two years.            Moreover, different nations and states have adopted various policies supporting greater investment and other adoption in renewable technologies in renewable energies. Some of these policies include the Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) which needs electric utility providers to offer particular percentage. The RPS is a policy which opens the alternatives to increase the production of energy from the renewable sources like biomass, solar, geothermal and wind. In USA, according to the rules of RPS, some companies must generate certain fraction of power from renewable sources of energy which are acknowledged (Moseley Garche, 2014). When these companies produce electricity from the renewable resources, the federal government requires them to supply to other organizations at a certain fee. Despite the fact that the RPS depends majorly on the private sector to produce energy, the federal government offer some financial support in order to incr ease the private investment in renewable use of energy.            Another environmental policy which affects the changes in the storage and transmission of the production of sustainable energy is the State Environmental Policy Act (SEPA). SEPA assists environmental local agencies to identify any environmental impact that may result from the decisions made by government (Hendrickson, 2012). This act was enacted through the Washington Legislature in the year 1971. Since many projects proposed in the production, storage and storage of renewable resources by the private sector must get approval from the relevant authorizes, SEPA intervenes in the adoption of the proposed solutions in energy storage. Notably, SEPA advises the federal government on any environmental issues that may result in any proposed solutions. Moreover, SEPA also advises the local governments on the construction of different projects proposed in the states, particularly the on renewable energies.            Furthermore, the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) enacted in 1970 through the US environmental law offers the procedure or implementation of objectives in the federal agencies. According to the current legislations of NEPA, all the states must provide effective sustainable renewable energy storage facilities that do not affect the future generations. Various states need to regulate the production and regulation of renewable sources of energy (Sukumar, 2014). NEPA assists the private developers in individual states on the objectives formulated to engage in better production of renewable power. NEPA also provides instructions on the impact of different solutions in the production of renewable energy. Since most of the projects in renewable resources are supported by private developers, NEPA offers directions on how to go in different projects. Challenges            Some of the challenges associated with the implementation of the current and previous policies related to the production, storage and transmission of renewable energy include the poor implementation process through poor funding. Many proposals have been formulated to venture in advanced technological production and storage of renewable energy but only a few have been implemented (Hendrickson, 2012). This is because private developers in renewable energy seek funding from the government which takes a lot of time before responding. As depicted through the current report by NEMA, many private developers venturing the renewable energy technologies lack the appropriate muscle to put into practice what they have put into plan (Robinson Schut, 2014). Different nations struggle to attain sustainable energy to meet their demands. However, in these nations, the proposals by different private developers in the associated renewable energies are still pending.            Another challenge is the limited awareness and confidence in the use of renewable technologies. As divulged by NEPA, the public require more information on solar technologies. Better programs are needed to educate builders, designers and other potential users of renewable energy in the industrial, commercial and residential sectors (Hendrickson, 2012). Most consumers lack the basic information in the use of renewable energies like solar and wind. Lack of effective programs to protect the manufacturing and installation of renewable energy has hindered effective implementation of RPS. The governments need to educate their citizens on the current available renewable sources of power that they can purchase and use in their homes. In addition, the change in governments from one reign to another affects the transition in the implementation process aimed at increasing the production of renewable power. This is because, each government that comes into power they want to actualize their manifesto in order to lure support in the next elections. Since 1980, the American private sector has been formulating different approaches to solve the demand for electricity (Hendrickson, 2012). However, lack of transition in the leadership of projects in renewable resources has resulted in many pending projects which are useful in the nation. Therefore, poor transition of leadership from one government to the other has resulted in the delay of many projects which are significant in the improvement of renewable energy production and utilization. NEPA claims that the poor funding process in renewable energy projects is as a result of lack of effective transition from one government to the other.            Furthermore, political influences in many nations affect the implementation process in policies related to renewable energy. Since the policies supporting the production, distribution and utilization of renewable energy must be approved and enacted through parliamentary sittings, some political struggle in terms of personal interest affect their enactment (Sukumar, 2014). Despite the fact that some of these policies affecting renewable energy are beneficial to the entire nation, lack of significant support during the enactment process hinder the significant progress in renewable energy projects. For instance, in America, the political swings from republican government to democratic government affect the approval in projects in renewable sources of energy like nuclear. There is a big struggle in passing of policies in the current government due to political struggle.            The wide spread utilization of renewable energy in USA has also been hindered by the state and federal policies and other market imperfections which subsidize the competing sources of energy (Hendrickson, 2012). Some these policies which affect the implementation of renewable energy projects include the price controls through federal governments in the oil and gas prices. Through these subsidizes, the renewable sources are unable to compete effectively in the market and attain a competitive advantage over other sources of energy due to the cost of production and distribution required (Moseley Garche, 2014). Despite the fact some of the environmental policies support sustainable energy production, the subsidies provided by the federal governments in other sources shy off private investors in this sector. Alternative methods            Through technology, the production and storage of hydrogen has been made easy using the Nano-technology. Some fuels such as gasoline used in renewable energy production lead to carbon footprint and pollution. Experts reveal that hydrogen is a clean source of renewable power when the two problems of easy accessibility and safe storage are solved. A team of scientists in USA have invented the nano-composities from magnesium which are air stable used in the hydrogen storage. The Nano-composites particles are formed through magnesium metal and mixed with other polymers associated with Plexiglas (Moseley Garche, 2014). Notably, the Nano-composite technology form of hydrogen storage is able to absorb and release hydrogen in any conventional temperature without the metal oxidation taking place. As claimed by the DOE of America, the Nano-technology invented recently, is one of the major steps in the storage advancement of hydrogen since it is abl e to overcome the challenges in kinetic and thermodynamic (Sukumar, 2014).            Moreover, the use of technology in different renewable resources has resulted in the invention of better methods in storage and distribution of power. Some of these current technologies include the use of leviathan energy in the wind turbine production, reflective dishes in solar energy, use of cells which are spherical and the utilization of clean energy from algae.            In wind power, new technologies have been developed in the production of energy in areas with low wind and other offshore sections. Experts have developed better designs in blades, mooring systems in ocean and efficient turbines (Hendrickson, 2012). Through these technologies, cheaper wind energy has been produced in different states in America. Most of the American experts reveal that these new technologies will allow better utilization in the existing grid through driving the power grid to minimize transmission impact required to distribute wind power in different cities.            Since the struggle for power in different nations hinders the implementation of different projects in renewable energy, separation of powers would solve the procedures followed in the implementation process (Hendrickson, 2012). Most of the private invented projects in renewable energies are affected by competing political interests in power and therefore, separating the powers involved in the national renewable policies will eventually solve the implementation process.            Furthermore, in order to attract more investment and use of renewable energy, the Energy Commission in America have formulated the solar partnership in new homes which provides incentives to attract people to install solar panels in their new homes. This program encourages new house owners in America to use solar panels due to their efficiency in energy at all times. According to the energy commission in America, the solar partnership in new homes aim at installing more than 400MW of power through solar energy by the end of 2016 (Sukumar, 2014). Through this partnership, people who are building new homes are able to get solar panels at subsided prices which are affordable. Since the solar panels have been built using the current technology, their durability and ability to trap energy from the sun attract more people to buy them.            In other nations like German, the formulation of programs with market incentives like the MAP, aims to lure more people to use renewable sources of power. Through the MAP program, people building new houses are encouraged to obtain a specific share in the amount of energy they consume from renewable energy (Moseley Garche, 2014). Alternatively, those people with old buildings are been provided with financial assistance to renovate their buildings in order to use renewable energy.            Moreover, people with small homes, can apply for large and small solar panels, effective heat pumps and furnaces which are biomass-fired with feed systems which are automatic through the MAP project (Sukumar, 2014). The change in lifestyle from rental houses to personal houses which utilize the modern technologies in the production of renewable energy has also solved the fluctuating power problems in different nations. Many people now prefer to build or buy modern houses through mortgages which have effectively increased the use of renewable energy in homes.            In conclusion, in order to attain sustainable energy in the world, the governments ruling different nations need to understand their roles in supporting of projects in renewable energy. Despite the fact that different private developers have constituted various approaches in tapping and generation of energy, without the financial support required in this project the problem of electricity will continue to increase. Since different government and other non-government policies affect the production and distribution of renewable energy, all the government must evaluate the viability of the projects presented by the private developers in renewable energy. As depicted from this essay, it is evident that through government incentives in the production and purchase of better equipment, there is a recommendable increase in the use of renewable power. References Hendrickson, C. (2012). Sustainable Energy Challenges for Civil Engineering Management. Journal Of Management In Engineering, 28(1), 2-4. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)ME.1943-5479.00000 Moseley, P. T., Garche, J. (2014). Electrochemical Energy Storage for Renewable Sources and Grid Balancing. Burlington: Elsevier Science. Robinson, M., Schut, D. (2014). RAIL AS THE SUSTAINABLE BACKBONE OF THE ENERGY EFFICIENT TRANSPORT CHAIN A WORLD VIEW. OIDA International Journal Of Sustainable Development, 7(4), 19-30. Sukumar, S. (2014). LAW AS A MEDIUM OF CHANGE, TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT USE OF CLEAN ENERGY. OIDA International Journal Of Sustainable Development, 7(3), 45-54. Source document
Thursday, November 14, 2019
The Debate on Whether Alcoholism is a Disease or Not Essay -- Alcoholi
The Debate on Whether Alcoholism is a Disease or Not Many specialists today are in a debate on whether alcoholism is a disease or not. I looked up the word disease in the new American Webster dictionary. It stated that a disease is a condition ill health, or malady. Malady is defined as any disordered state or condition. Alcoholism causes illness and disorder. Someone who is an alcoholic has a dependency on the drug alcohol. If you are dependent on alcohol, you can acquire many illnesses both physical and mental. Physical illness from alcoholism can include stomach problems, digestive problems, headaches, kidney problems, liver disease, problems with nervous system and trouble with immune system, just to name a few. Mental illness can include depression, anger, irritability, lack of concentration, and low self-esteem. Some alcoholics believe that in order to have a good time doing something they have to be under the influence of alcohol. Therefor if they do not have alcohol then they think life sucks and is no fun. This can also limit what a person can do because you may not be able to do some things under the influence of alcohol with out getting a punishment. For instance if you wanted to go somewhere in a car and you're an alcoholic then you will be breaking the law if you are drunk driving. Some people do not know why they have to drink in order to have fun. Maybe its because their friends drink and they do not have friends who do not drink. You can ask people, why do you drink. Many answers can come from this question. Because I like to drink, because it makes me feel good and sometimes it's, I do not know. So, let us look at the reason for alcoholism. Alcoholism usually comes from years of the use of alcohol but you can become an alcoholic at a young age. You may not be physically dependent at a young age but you can definitely become mentally dependent. Many specialists say that alcoholism is hereditary. In alcoholics anonymous, it is said that if you have an inherited alcoholic gene then you are at high risk of being an alcoholic. One sign that you might have this gene is if you have a black out while over consuming alcohol. It is said that if you black out then you are an alcoholic. A black out is a period while drinking that you can vaguely remember or not recall whatsoever. I do not believe this because there can be... ...it can definitely be defined as a disease. It is a disease that is brought on by influences of society, family and pressure. In my mind, alcoholism is a man made disease. Of course man tries to fix it but I think alcoholism is unstoppable. It may be stopped in one case but it just keeps coming. As one alcoholic recovers, there is ten new alcoholics being born. Not in the sense of a newborn baby, but in the sense as a person being defined as an alcoholic. There will always be alcoholism as long as there is alcohol. I think if society would focus more on alcohol as being negative, it would help stop some cases of alcoholism. I think any beer company sponsoring a sport event is ridiculous. This type of advertisement should be banned. I think this would make alcohol less acceptable by the public. I really do not understand why America accepts alcohol and not one other drug. I think alcohol is the number one gateway drug out there. People do things when they are drunk that they would not regularly do sober. Someone may try doing and illegal drugs because they are drunk. So, in order to stop this disease we need to kill it at its roots and that would mean get rid of alcohol altogether.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Assessment and Planning of Discharge Needs in Geriatrics Essay
Elderly patients have unique discharge planning needs. As such, the hospital nurse and case management team may find themselves challenged to not only identify the needs of each patient, but to also address those needs when planning the patient’s discharge. In the case of Mr. Trosack, a 72-year-old widower being discharged following a total hip replacement (THR), careful assessment of his home situation needs to be completed prior to discharge to ensure his safety and continued recovery once home. Healthcare Issues After reviewing the patient’s chart and performing interviews with the patient and his family, the case manager identifies three healthcare issues that need to be addressed on discharge.  ·The patient admits he has not seen a doctor in over 10 years prior to this hospitalization.  ·The patient has been diagnosed with two new health issues: hypertension and diabetes.  ·He has been prescribed new medications for each new diagnosis that he will need to continue taking after discharge.  ·The patient cannot identify pills he currently takes at home, stating simply that they are â€Å"vitamins†for â€Å"energy. Importance of Healthcare Issues Each of these issues needs to be addressed to ensure Mr. Trosack’s safety and continued recovery after discharge: The patient has not seen a doctor in over 10 years prior to this hospitalization. It is important for the case worker to find out why the patient has not seen any doctors, as it may be detrimental to his well-being. For example, did he have a bad experience with a previous provider and refuses to go back? Or, has he just not felt ill? Is his reasoning ability still sound? Or, is there some confusion? Is he in denial or facing fear that has kept him from seeing someone? If the patient is able to make sound decisions and simply has no concerns, he may do well at home. However, it may also be that he is unaware he should be seeing a physician, as â€Å"elderly patients may not report symptoms that they consider part of normal aging†(Besdine, 2009, para. 9). And, if he has had a bad experience in the past with a physician, it may have lead to a mistrust of the entire profession. If he has been refusing to see a doctor despite some concerns over the years, it could foreshadow similar situations in the future. He may not call when new problems or questions arise about is new medications. And, as evidenced by the cabinet of unused medications in the bathroom, he has a history of poor compliance, which could further impact his health. By discussing the reasons behind his lack of preventative care, the case manager will better understand the patient’s mindset and any concerns he may have. If a previous provider’s treatment or behavior has caused a mistrust of the profession, the case manager can recommend or introduce the patient to other providers, especially those that specialize in caring for geriatrics, as these providers have specialized training in caring for the elderly. If cost is a factor, the case manager can refer the patient to applicable programs such as food stamp programs, insurance and Medicare supplement policies, state-based programs, drug company assistance programs and more. If transportation is an issue, the case manager can refer to area agencies or senior citizen centers to utilize low-cost or volunteer-driven services that assist in transporting seniors. The patient has been newly diagnosed with hypertension and diabetes. New medical diagnoses can be scary for any individual, but with elderly patients, it can often bring about a new level of uncertainty and anxiety. Like all patients, they have questions about the new diagnosis and prescribed medications. However, the elderly patients of today grew up in a time when medical problems were not openly discussed. And now, society often looks at senior citizens as â€Å"lesser†citizensâ€â€a source for humor and pity in the media, weaker, less productive and expected to retire as they age (Day, 2011). Because of the way in which they were raised and the beliefs of society today, elderly patients may not feel comfortable asking questions. Knowing this, the nurse will look for additional clues from the patient’s interview as to how Mr. Trosack is feeling about his new diagnoses. During his interview with the case manager, the patient seems reluctant to accept his new diagnoses. Stating he doesn’t need any â€Å"darn†medications and doesn’t like being â€Å"disabled,†the patient also shows frustration. When a patient expresses this level of frustration and denial, there is an increased risk for lack of compliance. The need for education is greatly increased in this elderly patient. Because he has no outward symptoms of his new diagnoses, the patient does not feel he needs the new medications. The nurse needs to help the patient understand that his medications need to be continued to help prevent future symptoms from occurring. In addition, the nurse needs to be aware of additional challenges the patient may incur. Since elderly patients have often lost several members of their family (parents, siblings, even children in some cases), they are very much aware of their own mortality. A new diagnosis can bring a new awareness of that mortality, sometimes leading to a depression. When planning other discharge needs, the case manager needs to include these factors into her plan. Home health nurses can assist by visiting the patient at home during the week to ensure proper medication administration as well as assessing the patient for signs of depression and worsening hypertension, diabetes or depression. The patient has two new medications to continue upon discharge and cannot identify pills he currently takes at home. With the patient’s new diagnoses, he has been prescribed new medications. He has already voiced opposition to the idea of continuing these new medications because he does not feel he needs them. Because he does not feel they are needed, he is likely to have poor compliance in taking the medications. The patient would benefit greatly from education about why the medications have been prescribed and that–with appropriate compliance–he will be more likely to remain free of symptoms. The patient being unable to state which pills he does take on a daily basis is cause for concern. Without the name of the pills, there is no way to verify its overall safety. Furthermore, the nurse and case manager cannot be sure there are no contraindications to taking the newly prescribed medications with the pre-admission supplements. The patient’s inability to recall the name of the pills also reiterates the concerns above regarding the new medications he has been prescribed. The case manager needs to work with the patient’s nurse to ensure the patient understands the importance of maintaining a current medication list, including over-the-counter â€Å"vitamins†for â€Å"energy,†to avoid future problems when being seen for other medical concerns. The Interdisciplinary Team For the patient’s discharge to be a success, the case manager needs to incorporate appropriate members of the healthcare team to make a discharge plan. In the case of Mr. Trosack, this interdisciplinary team needs to include the patient’s nurse, physical and occupational therapy staff, a dietician, a pharmacist, and staff from the local home health agency or public health district. Each member of the team will bring to the discharge plan a unique vision for the patient’s recovery. The nurse is familiar with the patient’s medical history, as well as his feelings regarding his new diagnoses and medications. S/He has learned how best to communicate with the patient and worked to educate the patient on his new health problems and medications. In creating a discharge plan, the nurse will share this information with the home health nurse, include the medication and treatment regimens that are to be continued, and identify goals for the patient related to each. The physical therapist will instruct the team on the patient’s abilities and limitations in relation to the patient’s ambulation and transfers. He may visit the patient’s home to complete an evaluation of additional needs. And, he will create an exercise regimen for the patient to continue once home and make recommendations for assistive devices that the patient may be able to use. The occupational therapist will also identify assistive devices and continued therapy needs, however, these recommendations will be in relation to the patient’s activities of daily living (ADLs) rather than ambulation. She will watch the patient get completely dressed to identify any special needs and assess risk (can the patient tie his shoes or will the laces be a fall hazard? ). She will assess the patient’s ability to shower or bathe, looking for shortcomings or safety concerns. She may also visit the home to complete a home safety evaluation, watch the patient has he carries out his ADLs, and make recommendations for ways to alter his methods to ensure safety. The dietician will make nutritional recommendations based on the patient’s needs for adequate healing. In doing so, she will take into consideration his abilities and limitations identified by the physical and occupational therapists. The dietician may suggest menus for the patient to follow. And, her knowledge of nutrition will allow for suggestions on easy-to-carry foods, snacks or supplements that require no refrigeration and can be stored outside the kitchen, making it easier for the patient to obtain. The pharmacist will provide the other members of the team with information related to his medication regimen. He will alert the other team members to possible side effects, adverse reactions and interactions that may occur. This information will be helpful to the other members of the team as they make their own recommendations for needs after discharge. The dietician will nclude foods that have less chance of interacting with medications and the therapy staff will be alerted to side effects that may impact the patient’s safety. Because the patient will be homebound, he will likely be referred to home health. The staff from the home health agency or public health district will take the information from all of the team members in making their own plans for assignment and recommendations after discharge. They will perform safety evaluations of their own to identify risks for patient and staff alike. They will assign staff to the patient based on the recommendations from the nurse and therapists. They may sign the patient up for meals-on-wheels, or a similar program, based on the recommendations of the dietician and assessments of the patient’s ability to cook and clean up as needed. They will reiterate the teaching provided by the nurse and therapists while visiting the patient and look for side effects or adverse reactions while working with the patient. In short, they will develop a complete plan of care to incorporate all of the feedback from the interdisciplinary team. Safety Assessment There are several areas of concern in regards to safety at the patient’s residence. First, the patient requires a walker and lives on the second floor in a building with no elevator. This presents a safety issue, as well as a potential psychosocial problem. Not only will the patient be unable to safely enter his apartment without assistance; but, he will also not be able to safely leave. The patient, should he reach his apartment after discharge, would be isolated from friends and family and completely homebound. He would not be able to assist in the bakery located downstairs; instead, becoming dependant on his brother to maintain the business. Additionally, the family members interviewed by the case manager share concerns about the patient’s safety once inside his apartment, due to the small and cluttered environment. They worry that the apartment is too cluttered with memorabilia from World War II for him to safely ambulate with a walker. Per the safety assessment, there are also several rugs throughout the space. Each rug represents a trip hazard and should be removed from the environment prior to the patient’s discharge home. Additionally, there are no safety devices in the bathroom. While these devices can be installed, the patient is at risk until the installation is complete. And, until the devices are installed, the patient cannot be assessed by the occupational therapist to ensure safe use. With the safety issues present in his current apartment, it is unlikely the patient will continue to improve in this environment. Not only is he at a high risk for fall and injury in this apartment, but his mobility will also be greatly limited by the crowded environment, reducing his physical activity. Such limitation would reduce the patient’s physical improvement, which is vital in recovery from a total hip replacement. Discharge Planning Needs Per the family interview, there is a lack of support available to the patient. For any patient to recovery successfully after discharge from the inpatient setting, they must have adequate support from friends and family. Elderly patients are especially reliant on adequate support, as they are more likely to experience a functional decline from baseline in the two weeks following a hospital discharge (Naylor et al. , 1994). Mr. Trosack has a brother and a married middle-aged son. Mr. Trosack co-owns the bakery with his brother, who is now running the bakery on his own. His son is somewhat estranged due to a difference in religious beliefs, has a young family of his own, and works nearly 60 hours a week, as does his wife. None of the people closest to Mr. Trosack can make him a priority in their lives. During the family interview, the case manager learns that they were planning on taking turns assisting the patient in his home. However, their busy lifestyles leave little time for that and they do not want to bring in outside assistance. Further, the family does not seem to understand the importance of regular medication administration in addition to denying the two new medical conditions exist since the patient has shown no outward symptoms of being sick. Their answer to cleaning up the apartment is throwing away some of the patient’s most treasured items. Rather than asking for suggestions in making the apartment safer, the family would prefer to have Mr. Trosack dispose of his memorabilia from World War II. This, combined with the social isolation brought on by being homebound and unable to participate in his long-time business, would worsen his chances of developing depression. Should the patient develop depression, his recovery would be further impacted by lack of compliance with medications (Carney, Freedland, Eisen, Rich, & Jaffe, 1995). Further, depression can lead to elderly patients becoming confused or forgetful, eating less, poor hygiene, and becoming further isolated from friends and family (â€Å"A. D. A. M. Medical Encyclopedia,†n. d. ), all of which would further delay a complete recovery. Social Isolation & Psychological Factors With the patient’s physical limitations, if he were to discharge to his apartment, he would be isolated from the outside world. Because he still relies on a walker, he would be unable to climb or descend the stairs and unable to participate in his own bakery business. He would also rely on visitors for his groceries, trash removal as well as any social interaction. Despite the fact that family members are physically close to his apartment, the relationships are strained and their schedules do not allow for him to become a priority in their lives. When patients are socially isolated, they tend to do poorly. Not only do socially isolated people tend to become anxious and depressed, but they are also more likely to develop high blood pressure. Additionally, isolation has been significantly correlated both with an extended wound-healing time (Cacioppo & Hawkley, 2003). Despite the length of time the patient has been in the hospital setting, he is still recovering and his body is still healing. The patient needs to be in an environment that promotes healing. Furthermore, isolation has also been shown to cause impaired vision and hearing, which could increase the likelihood of fall and injury in the patient’s cluttered apartment (Frintner, 2008) In addition to the health-related dangers of social isolation, there are emotional reactions to isolation that one should consider when planning Mr. Trosack’s discharge. Isolation and loneliness not only affect the body’s immune and cardiovascular systems, but it can also lead to sleep disturbances and depression (Marano, 2003). Depression makes social interactions difficult and sometimes even stressful, causing the depressed person to withdraw from family and friends even more. And, with the patient being unable to fulfill his duties at his family-owned business, the likelihood of dev eloping depression increases, due to a reduced sense of purpose (Smith, Robinson, & Segal, 2011). The patient’s risk for isolation upon discharge home indicates that the patient may do better in another setting. Recommendation Upon review of Mr. Trosack’s chart, interviews with the patient and family and the safety assessment performed, it is the recommendation of this writer that the patient not be discharged home. This recommendation would be different if the patient lived on a first-floor apartment or had access to an elevator. However, given the safety and isolation issues present in his home, the patient would be better served in an assisted living facility. Because the patient does not need skilled nursing care, and can perform his most of his ADLs, the patient does not require nursing home placement. An assisted living facility would allow the patient to have some independence in regards to his individual space and performing his ADLs while ensuring the patient a safe environment. An assisted living facility allows for monitoring of the patient overall wellness and general health and can coordinate medication administration and monitor compliance (Maryland State Bar Association, 1998). The services provided by the assisted living facility would help to ensure that the patient stays safe by keeping a watchful eye on the patientâ€â€routine safety checks are performed and fall risks are identified and corrected as needed. The facility can also monitor his overall health through the routine safety checks as well as monitor his medication compliance, ensuring the patient takes his medications as scheduled. Furthermore, several facilities offer social activities, which would increase the patient’s likelihood of continued physical activity and reduce the risk of depression and decline after discharge.
Sunday, November 10, 2019
Taran Swan at Nickelodeon Latin America Case Study
Taran Swan at Nickelodeon Latin America (A) Case Study Background and Scope In 1979, Nickelodeon, â€Å"a cable channel for kids 2-11 years old, was launched in the United States†. Nickelodeon provided a wide-range of programming which including â€Å"live-action, comedy, drama, animation, music and sports and game shows†. By 1995, Nickelodeon was the highest rated basic cable network and international expansion was very realistic and just getting started. To successfully transition internationally Nickelodeon allowed the channel to have its own â€Å"on-air identity and slogan†for each endeavor.Nickelodeon used an â€Å"International Swat Team†to launch the network into other countries and once established turned it over for local personnel to operate. By 1998, Nickelodeon had already expanded and operating on 30 countries. However, back in 1993, Ms. Taran Swan, then Director of Business Development for Nickelodeon, initially entertained the opportunity to expand in Latin America. Latin American TV did not cater to children. Due to the economic conditions programs were outdated and stagnant. This would be an opportunity for Nickelodeon to introduce programs that â€Å"gave kids a voice†while still embracing their culture.The steps required to meet this goal would not be easy. Swan recognized the task at hand and the need to â€Å"prove her business plan by securing minimum distribution†(at least 2 million households). Swan believed in a â€Å"big bets†strategy and keeping the â€Å"bottom line†at the forefront of her thought process. This paper will present obstacles that Swan and her team had to deal with, not just in selling the channel, attracting advertisers but also managing each other. Swan’s style and dedication allowed her to hand-pick her team to ensure deadlines were met and meeting expectations of the network.Swan was known for her â€Å"smart and strategic business directivesâ₠¬ . In addition issues addressing personal work/life balance, succession/transition plans will be explored. Finally, recommendations not only for Swan but for Nickelodeon as a company will be presented to attempt to mitigate issues that arose while expanding Nickelodeon internationally in Latin America. Swan being so involved in every step from conception to implementation would prove to be more challenging than she anticipated both in personal and professional management ways. Current SituationAt the end of the second year of operations at Nickelodeon Latin America (NLA), Swan prepared for a Town Hall with MTV. She prepared a speech in which she wanted to promote the advancements that NLA had realized for the previous year. Days before the Town Hall, however, Swan was informed by her doctor that she was unable to continue traveling for work as her four month pregnancy showed signs of high risk. Though Swan planned to leave after the Town Hall, she was hospitalized the day of the m eeting. As she left to go back home, she considered the many challenges that still lay ahead of her.After leading the NLA project from research to launch, there remained additional tasks that needed to be completed before the project could be turned over to local management. NLA was on the verge of two crucially important deals. The first deal was with Argentina’s largest provider, Cablevision/TCI, which would add 1. 5 million subscribers. A second deal would give them access to the Brazilian marketplace through a Portuguese feed. These issues were exacerbated by currency volatility, marketing problems and advertising issues. Swan had a significant hand in resolving each of these issues.Now Swan is faced with a decision on what to do about continuing operations during her leave. Her experience showed that her team needed consistent direction but that they were able to communicate with her remotely. Thus, she considered how she may continue to lead the project from her home. A nother option she faced was installing an interim manager who would be charged with leading the station forward. She further considered installing multiple leaders for different functions. She understood that regardless of what decision she made, she would have to adapt her management style and skills.Situation Analysis Due to Swan’s medical situation, there are three critical activities that must be managed effectively in her absence: increasing advertising sales, increasing affiliate sales, and the executing the Brazil-specific feed. Advertising sales was a key concern for NLA. They had missed their goal by 11% last year. Though the overall bottom-line goal was met, this lack of revenues did not make for a sustainable business model. In addition, the Latin American economy was very rocky, and Brazil was undergoing a currency devaluation.In order for the company to continue on its path to success, the sales team was going to need to land more advertising accounts, and take a dvantage of the upcoming World Cup to drive much-needed revenues. Increasing affiliate sales was also key. In particular, the deals with Cablevision/TCI in Argentina and Telemundo in the United States were very important. These deals would expand the viewership by 1. 5 million people in Latin America and millions more in the United States. In turn, this increased viewership would help increase advertising sales, and would also strengthen NLA’s foothold within the region.It was also help to show the corporation that the NLA project was succeeding. This could lead to a larger budget and more dedicated resources from the corporation. Finally, getting the Brazil-specific feed up and running was critical. Brazil has the largest population and the largest market in all of Latin America. Though NLA had secured carriage on major Brazilian networks, they still had to develop programming for the feed. This would require a significant amount of work as the company would need to customiz e the programming for the Brazilian culture, as it differed from other Latin American countries.Creating a successful feed in Brazil would open up new advertising opportunities and new affiliate sales opportunities and would solidify NLA as a major brand in Latin America. Swan knew that she would need to manage all three of these critical activities from New York to make sure that NLA continued to progress. However, she was unsure how to do so. Recommendations Taran Swan has become pregnant at an important time in her company’s progress, when there are still several challenges to complete. Among these include attracting profitable advertisers, closing a deal with Cablevision/TCI and broadcasting to Brazil.There is no simple way to achieve these goals, and they all fall under problems that need to be addressed over time with the proper management. There are options that Swan has as it relates to the management of Nickelodeon while she is away on pregnancy. 1. Swan could give t he responsibility of managing the company to a single person. 2. Swan could have two or more people share her responsibilities. 3. Swan could manage her team remotely and possibly appoint another lower manager to handle the day-to-day tasks.If Swan decides to take option 1, she will need to carefully evaluate the candidates and select the best one, and get Viacom’s approval. The best candidates that come to mind include Donna Friedman, Valerie McCarty and Stephen Grieder. All of these candidates joined within the first few months after Nickelodeon’s project to expand into Latin America began. Stephen Grieder has had the most experience with Nickelodeon out of the three, was familiar with the Latin American culture, and was described as a creative genius. Valerie McCarty was energetic and had good communication skills.Like Grieder, she was familiar with the Latin American culture. She also had taken charge of tasks, even when they weren’t completely her responsib ility. However, she was relatively new to the company. Donna Friedman was particularly known for her creativity. For example, she developed the â€Å"Grow Down†campaign, and thought of making the Jornadas party which attracted thousands of people. Swan felt that Donna didn’t yet have â€Å"multidimensional strategic thinking†needed to take on a more managerial role at the moment, but that Donna could be taught these skills.Swan could decide to take option 2 and have the responsibilities shared by two or more people. This method seemed to work out when Swan divided the marketing roles between McCarty and Friedman. It might help reduce the amount of work each individual has to do. It could also help give the team more diverse views and skillsets. In the last option, Swan could operate the facility remotely. Most of the people working in her team already have experience communicating and working with people from different countries. Swan has already been shown to be an effective leader, and doing it this way would result in the least amount of change.The team would not need to take a risk on an unproven leader. Our recommendation is that Swan operates the facility remotely, while having another â€Å"second in command,†or day to day manager. In the event Swan was unable to run the project for any reason, the person second in command would take over. This would allow Swan to continue to run the project for as long as she was able to, and potentially throughout the entire time she was needed. She should train another person to be in charge of the project, without putting the full responsibility onto them.This would lower the chance of conflicting orders or conflicting goals that could result from shared leadership and mitigate any potential damage that might occur if Swan were suddenly unable to run the plant. Alternatives / Potential Problems Donna Friedman, Valerie McCarty and Stephen Grieder all seem like they could be great potent ial leaders on their own. However, they are not yet tested in such a position. Putting one of them in charge at such a crucial point in the company could jeopardize their progress, and puts a large risk on the company. If the responsibilities were shared, it could help mitigate that risk.However, it could result in misunderstandings, communication problems and overall confusion about the direction of the company if the managers did not always agree. The leaders would need to be careful that they maintained a consistent and clear message. Additionally, it could result social loafing. Social loafing is the phenomenon where people tend to work less in collaborative efforts than in on their own because they expect the other person to fill in the work, and also because they will not get full credit for their work (Latane, Williams & Harkins, 1979).Lastly, there is the option for Swan to operate the company remotely. She is the safest leader, since she has already proven herself. Though t he risk is that due to her pregnancy, or a medical complication, she would be unable to manage the business remotely. Additionally, there might be times when it is difficult to contact her or convey all the needed information to her without her being there in person. This would leave the project without a leader. ConclusionWe learn that Taran Swan might have some team trust issues because of her uncertainty of who to leave in charge during her absence. Every relationship among team members depends on trust. Swan feels her situation has a high level of risk and she is unsure of the best option for her team to succeed while she is gone. Working remotely will allow Swan to have some control over the situation, but that stress might further her complications and prevent her from working all together.Swan needs to trust her team and give them the tools they need to development their team roles through team building exercises. If Swan communicates effectively to the team members and passe s on all training information, she should be able to manage the company remotely without caring too much stress during her medical absence. References McShane, S. & Von Glinow, M. 2011. Organizational Behavior, New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin Latane, B. , Williams, K. , & Harkins, S. (1979). Journal of personality and social psychology. Retrieved from http://psycnet. apa. org/journals/psp/37/6/822/
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Psych Chapter 7 Essay Example
Psych Chapter 7 Essay Example Psych Chapter 7 Paper Psych Chapter 7 Paper Essay Topic: Literature For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice. To aid students in their retention of information, which subsequently enables them to earn higher exam scores, memory researchers would highlight the use of elaborative rehearsal. The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Transience Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend any sugary liquid. Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of implicit memory. Knowing how to navigate the route from ones residence hall room to the location of ones college algebra class is an example of a schema. Which of these age groups has the strongest memory abilities? young adults According to the authors, our memory is most like melting wax False memories are easier to implant when the events that are said to have occurred are perceived as plausible. Leola has a comprehensive final for her organic chemistry class. For her to be able to retain the information from early in the semester, she should be advised to use ________ in her studying throughout the term. distributed practice The inability to momentarily remember a persons name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was faulty eyewitness identification. With regard to the idea of patients memories being shaped by suggestive psychotherapy techniques, psychologists re sharply divided about whether such memories are real or false memories. As Dominique reviews the vocabulary terms for her French class, she is most likely to experience the greatest degree of forgetting immediately after learning new words. An important criticism of the depth-of-processing model is that it is unfalsifiable. An important source of false memories comes from source monitoring confusion. Mnemonics will be most helpful as encoding devices if we practice them on a regular basis. The inability to momentarily remember a persons name, which you indeed know quite well, is an example of which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Blocking Darryl decides to start reviewing for his exam by studying 20 minutes a day for 10 days rather than just studying 3-4 hours the night before his exam. He is making use of distributed practice. What point did the authors make regarding claims of recovered memories of childhood abuse? Childhood abuse claims need to be supported by supporting evidence in order to be believed as real. For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice Knowing how to navigate the route from ones residence hall room to the location of ones college algebra class is an example of a schema During lecture each day, a psychology professor may explain four main points he or she wishes the class to retain. However, most students do not think about the material again until the following class period two days later. The forgetting that occurs between classes is most likely the result of decay The fading of memory with the passage of time marks decay and which of the Seven Sins of Memory? Transience All night, Pedro has been staring at Samantha from across the dance floor. At the end of the night, he finally gets the courage to ask her for her telephone number. His mental repetition of the number on the drive home is one example of rehearsal. According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items from early in the list. Although both Clive Wearing and a patient known as H.M. had severely damaged hippocampi or removed hippocampi, they both showed evidence of implicit memory. Memory recovery from amnesia is gradual, if at all. In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of retrieval When one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of encoding specifity memory retention of information over time suggestive memory techniques procedures that encourage patients to recall memories that may or may not have taken place memory illusion false but subjectively compelling memory span how much information a memory system can retain duration length of time for which a memory system can retain information sensory memory brief storage of perceptual information before it is passed to short term memory iconic memory visual sensory memory echoic memory auditory sensory memory short-term memory memory system that retains information for limited durations decay fading of information from memory interference loss of information from memory because of competition from additional incoming information retroactive inhibition interference with retention of old information due to acquisition of new information proactive inhibition interference with acquisition of new information due to previous learning of new information magic number the span of short-term memory, according to george miller; seven plus or minus two pieces of information chunking organizing information into meaningful groupings, allows us to extend the span of short-term memory rehearsal repeating information to extend the duration of retention in short-term memory maintenance rehearsal repeating stimuli in their original form to retain them in short term memory elaborative rehearsal linking stimuli to each other in a meaningful way to improve retention of information in short-term memory levels of processing depth of transforming information, which influences how easily we remember it long term memory sustained (from minutes to years) retention of information stored regarding our facts, experiences, and skills permastore type of long-term memory that appears to be permanent primary effect tendency to remember words at the beginning of a list especially well recency effect tendency to remember words at the end of a list especially well von restorff effect tendency to remember distinctive stimuli better than less distinctive stimuli serial position curve graph depicting the effect of both primacy and recency on peoples ability to recall items on a list. semantic memory our knowledge of facts about the world episodic memory recollection of events in our lives explicit memory memories we recall intentionally and of which we have conscious awareness implicit memory memories we dont deliberately remember or reflect o consciously procedural memory memory for how to do things, including motor skills and habits priming our ability to identify a stimulus more easily or more quickly after weve encountered similar stimuli Three stages of memory; 1)encoding 2)storage 3)retrieval encoding process of getting information into our memory banks mnemonic a learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall storage process of keeping information in memory schema organized knowledge structure or mental model that weve stored in memory retrieval reactivation or reconstruction of experiences from our memory stores retrieval cues hints that make it easier for us to recall information recall generating previously remembered information recognition selecting previously remembered information from an array of options relearning reacquiring knowledge that wed previously learned but largely forgotten over time. distributed vs. massed practice studying information in small increments over time (distributed) versus in large increments over a brief amount of time (massed) tip of the tongue phenomenon experience of knowing that we know something but being unable to access it encoding specificity phenomenon of remembering something better when the conditions under which we retrieve information are similar to the conditions under which we encoded it context-dependent learning superior retrieval of memories when the external context of the original memories matches the retrieval context state-dependent learning superior retrieval of memories when the organism is in the same physiological or psychological state as it was during encoding long term potentiation gradual strengthening of the connections among neurons from repetitive stimulation amygdala emotional component of memories hippocampus factual component of memories retrograde amnesia loss of memories from our past anterograde amnesia inability to encode new memories from our experiences meta memory knowledge about our own memory abilities and limitations infantile amnesia inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age flashbulb memories emotional memories that are extraordinary vivid and detailed source monitoring ability to identify the origins of a memory cryptomnesia failure to recognize our ideas originated with someone else misinformation effect creation of fictitious memories by providing misleading information about an event after it takes place seven sins of memory suggestibility, misattribution, bias, transcience, persistence, blocking, and absentmindedness The most sensitive measure of memory is relearning. For students to show the best performance on their exams, they are advised to engage in distributed practice The first day of class, Sheila asked her professor what was the best way to learn and remember the material for the course. The professor responded, Focus on identifying and understanding the meaning of the important terms and concepts. The instructor is advocating a ________ level of processing. semantic Jermaine sees a car accident and he initially estimates the offending driver to be traveling at 39 miles per hour. However, after hearing another witnesss report of the cars bumping and answering a police officers questions about the rate of speed when the cars contacted, he subsequently revises his estimate to 30 miles per hour and his memory of the accident changes. This is an example of he misinformation effect. Evidence suggests that when the real criminal is NOT included in a live line-up, most witnesses will be inaccurate and select the person who most closely resembles the real criminal. During new worker orientation, you wish to make a good impression by being able to recall everyones name. Research on encoding would suggest that you are most likely to forget the name of the person immediately before you. According to the research on the primacy effect, if your father read you a list of 10 items to pick up at the hardware store you would most easily recall those items from early in the list When listening to the radio, Ramona hears a song; she cannot immediately recall the bands name, but she is sure she knows the name. This is one example of he tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. In the text, the authors discussed the astounding memory capabilities of Rajan. He could recall the digits for the number pi starting from nearly any place in the sequence. His amazing ability is due, in part, to his use of chunking In high school, Deanna took three years of Spanish. Upon enrolling in college ten years later, she registered for a remedial French course. When required to speak in French during class discussion with her teacher and classmates, Deanna frequently responds with Spanish words instead of French words. This is one example of proactive inhibition An essay exam question or a fill-in-the-blank question with no word bank is similar to the ________ method of assessing ones memory. recall Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval? episodic memory Memory recovery from amnesia is gradual, if at all. Unlike explicit memory, implicit memory nvolves no deliberate attention or effort. A recognition memory task is often easier than a recall memory task because we only have to eliminate the incorrect options to get the correct answer. Jasmine needs to remember an 8-line poem for her 5th-grade English class next week. Her mother suggests that she link the first few words from each line with a different part of their home, starting with the front door. This suggestion is most similar to the memory strategy known as the method of loci. The most important factor in the majority of the cases, more than 75 percent, where DNA evidence led to the overturning of a unjust conviction of an innocent person was faulty eyewitness identification. A group of 3- to 6-year-old children were told about a man named Sam Stone. For several weeks Sam was described to them as being clumsy. Upon his visit, he did nothing to confirm this stereotype. How did this impact the childrens memory? Over half the children, regardless of age, responded to these suggestions while lower percentages also reported that Sam soiled a bear and tore a book. A key theme that has emerged from the memory research literature is that active reconstruction of events alters our memory of the important and unimportant events of our lives. Which of the following forms of memory requires conscious attention for encoding, storage, and retrieval? episodic memory In answering this, and all other questions for this exam, you are making use of retrieval Eyewitness testimony has been found to be most accurate when the witness has ample time to observe the person under good viewing conditions If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to recall stereotypic-consistent, not inconsistent, information when questioned later. When asked to recall single-digit numbers presented in various digit span sizes, the typical adult starts to encounter difficulty once they get past approximately ________ digits. 5 According to the authors, most of the events we experience are never encoded and thus never stored in long-term memory. Roseanne claims that she can remember instances of childhood sexual abuse that started at 6 months of age. Why are most psychologists likely to be skeptical of this and other such claims? Because infantile amnesia makes it unlikely that these are true memories from that age As an adult and a parent of a 4-year-old child, Camille has seen many children begin to cry when placed on the lap of the mall Santa or Easter Bunny. When discussing this with her brother, Luis, he reminds her of the time when she was 5 that she began crying hysterically, ran fromf Santas lap, and was lost for nearly two hours. Luis has made all of this up, but Camille has a clear and distinct memory of the event he described. This demonstrates the role of ________ in producing false memories. plausible events As we age, our ability to recognize the strengths and limitations of our own memories improves. This is known as meta memory Lamont is walking through his local health and nutrition store. An employee comes up and asks if he needs any assistance. Lamont asks what is the most effective and cheapest memory enhancing herbal remedy they have. If the employee answers this question based on the evidence from controlled, scientific research, he or she would recommend any sugary liquid Just before taking your French I exam you were reviewing 5 terms that you had missed on the last vocabulary test. When you get to your exam, you find that you have an easy time answering several questions because they are related terms you just studied. This is an example of the recency effect When information that you learned in your high school psychology class gets in the way of learning new information from your college-level psychology class, ________ has occurred. interference Seth is using visualization to imagine himself throwing pitches for strikes when he plays baseball. The ability to recognize that he is constructing these images rather than recalling them from an actual game in which he played results from accurate source monitoring Dr. Vargas can remember hundreds of students names from his twenty-five years of university teaching, but has difficulty remembering the new three digit area code for his home phone number. This is one illustration of the paradox of memory ideki and Thao are reviewing for an exam. Thao asks the following question: What term refers to how people use information from the past in the present? Hideki would be most correct if he answered memory Emilio is seeing a sports psychologist to help improve his mental preparation and performance. The psychologist asks Emilio to see himself making his free throws. As Emilio visualizes his dribbling, shooting motion, and release, he sees himself as an outside observer would. Memory researchers argue this demonstrates the reconstructive nature of memory Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we fail to consider how an individual differs in important ways from a group stereotype. Researchers have attempted to implant false memories in the memories of students at Gotham State University. To be certain that the event never occurred, they asked students if they recall getting to meet Yosemite Sam (a Warner Brothers character) at Disneyland. When approximately 41% of the students reported this memory, the researchers knew it was indeed evidence of a false memory because the memory was of an impossible event chemas and scripts are valuable memory tools because they ssist us in interpreting new and unfamiliar situations. The misinformation effect is most similar to which example below from the Seven Sins of Memory? suggestibility Gingko, or any other memory booster, works by increasing the amount of ________ in the human brain. acetylcholine Schemas can lead to memory errors through the confirmation bias and stereotyping because we fail to consider how an individual differs in important ways from a group stereotype. Research on flashbulb memories indicates they are largely susceptible to the same errors as other types of memory After presenting groups of research participants words like thread, eye, pin, syringe, sewing, sharp, and thimble, a memory researcher asks the participants whether they remember seeing the word needle. The fact that many participants do is an example of memory illusion Exposing people to stereotype-consistent information before meeting with an individual from the stereotyped group is often sufficient to produce stereotypic interpretations of that persons actions and thoughts. This is an example of priming. In his research on long-term memory, psychologist Harry Bahrick found that memory declined markedly for about two years, but only gradually thereafter. when one attempts to recreate a retrieval environment that is as similar as possible to the initial encoding, or learning, environment as possible, he or she is making use of the principle of encoding specificity. If people today were shown a picture that contain stereotypic-inconsistent information, such as that of the black man being accosted by a white man with a razor, we would expect most of them to look for other examples of stereotypic-inconsistent information in their social world. During which of Piagets stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? Formal operational Which of the following is an example of imprinting? Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a theory of mind Ones accumulated knowledge gained over time is called crystallized intelligence Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioral change over time? longitudinal Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching authoritarian During menarche teenagers experience menstruation Piaget overestimated the degree to which object permanence develops in children. According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. preconventional Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior? Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. cognitive Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Marks behavior represents an inability to conserve Children involved in Strange Situation research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks reliability Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research? More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious catergory as compared to U.S. infants. According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results from scaffolding Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behavior. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behavior? Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis According to Piaget, egocentrism involves the perception that others view the world as you do. According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves behavior motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people. Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate? Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior. ue has devoted so much time to her engineering career that at age 70 she has never been free to pursue many of her personal interests. Sues feelings of missed opportunities suggest a sense of despair. esearch investigating the causes of gender differences in behavior suggests that females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough and tumble play. Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? case study research designs Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy? Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes Formal operational thinking is likely required to successfully resolve Eriksons identity versus role confusion crisis. According to Erikson, which is true? Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis decreases the likelihood that a future crisis will be successfully resolved. Piagets theory applies to such topics as creating lesson plans for first grade students. Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching. authoritarian During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence. sensorimotor Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the interstate without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karlas reasoning reflects ________ reasoning. conventional The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects pronurture perspective The rooting reflex refers to a newborns tendency to open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek. According to Piaget, students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage. concrete operational Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing hot flashes Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment. strict; quick According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of assimilation and accommodation The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development. embryonic Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piagets ________ stage. concrete operational During which of Piagets stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? formal operational Which of the following is true regarding parenting research? Children of single fathers do just as well on measures of well-being as do children of single mothers. The bodys reproductive organs are called primary sex organs Puberty is associated with the onset of menarche People typically experience declines in vision, hearing, and smell at about age 60-69 As compared to Piagets theory, Vygotskys theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to cross a street safely for the first time. Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully but most of his friends have. Johnnys decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality. postconventional Which of the following is true regarding Piagets and Eriksons theories? Children in Piagets preoperational stage should also be working on issues in identity versus identity confusion stage of development. Brendas parents are political conservatives while she identifies more with liberal political views. When asked her political orientation, Brenda seems uncertain and does not respond. Brenda is dealing with the ________ crisis. identity vs. confusion Harlowes study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? Case study research designs Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first president were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piagets stages to answer thoroughly? formal operational According to Kohlberg, behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. preconventional Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Josephs reasoning reflects postconventional reasoning. Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Markos revised views on red go-carts illustrates accomodation Which developmental theorist is likely to be most criticized for the use of broad age ranges in various stages of his theory? Erikson Empty nest researchers have found that most empty nesters experience an increase in life satisfaction after their children leave home. Which is true concerning research related to the Mozart Effect? Weak evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development, the key social agent influencing the resolution of the crisis is likely to be parents Sir Francis Galton (1884) intelligence is a byproduct of sensory capacity Clark Wissler (1901) various senses are uncorrelated with one another and with school performance Alfred Binet and Henri Simon (1904) first intelligence test Americans tend to view intelligence as: the capacity to reason well and learn quickly (to think on ones feet) Charles Spearman (1927) these correlations suggest a single common factor across all aspects of mental ability: Raymond Cattell (1971) distinguished two types of intelligence Fluid Intelligence the capacity to learn new problems Crystallized Intelligence the accumulated knowledge of the world over time Howard Gardner (1983) alternatively suggests there are eight separate intelligences Robert Sternbergs (1983 model posits the existence of three types of intelligence: Analytical Intelligence ability to reason logically Practical Intelligence: ability to solve real-world problems, especially people problems Creative Intelligence: ability to come up with novel and effective answers to questions Modern intelligence tests dont typically assess practical intelligence IQ = mental age à · chronological age x 100 deviation IQ expression of IQ relative to same aged peers (eliminated age effects with Sterns formula) Culture-Fair Tests attempt to eliminate biases for people who speak language differently than how the WAIS is written Ravens Progressive Matrices most widely used Standardized Tests such as the SAT, correlate highly (0.7 0.8) with IQ tests, but attempt to emphasize achievement Mental Retardation Onset prior to adulthood,IQ ≠¤ 70, impaired adaptive functions Mild Retardation makes up 85% of retardation cases, and most can be mainstreamed into regular classrooms mild retardation is caused by including fetal alcohol syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Down syndrome Divergent thinking: the capacity to generate many solutions to problems Convergent thinking: the capacity to find the single best solution to a given problem Emotional Intelligence (EQ) he ability to understand our emotions and those of others Wisdom: the application of intelligence toward a common good prenatal prior to birth blastocyst ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that havent yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part embryo second to eighty week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form fetus period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change concrete operations 7-11 years old, egocentrism wanes gradually formal operational period age 11 to adulthood apply psychological operations to abstract entities too; able to think hypothetically and reason abstractly elaboration embellishing information to be remembered to make it more memorable During Piagets concrete-operational stages, children are first able to represent objects mentally in different ways and to perform mental operations hypothetical and deductive reasoning are characteristics of children in Piagets__ stage formal operational Piagets account of formal operations has been criticized because adolescents reasoning is often less sophisticated than the theory predicts because the formal-operational stage is portrayed as the final stage of intellectual development authoritarian parenting combines high control with little warmth authoritative parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children uninvolved parenting provides neither warmth nor control permissive combines low control with high warmth
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